Ethnic Conflict in Darfur, Sudan

In the history of the life of the entity that inhabits the region of Darfur can be traced to the emergence of symptoms that there is potential for conflict at some time in this region. It can be viewed from the contact between the two ethnicities that often lead to a small conflict in the Darfur region. Initially, Darfur is a region in the west of Sudan. British colonial and then include it as part of the Sudanese state of Darfur after combining with Egypt. With the merging process, the inter-ethnic conflict was widespread due to the inability to accommodate differences in the interests of each ethnicity by the Sudanese government.

Darfur is derived from an Arabic word meaning Land of Fur. At first, the area is inhabited by ethnic African ethnicities Darfur Darfur (Native Peoples) since 1650 with Islamic sultanate form of government. The arrival of Darfur Arabs as immigrants who previously was a nomad tribes created the entities that inhabit the diversity in the Darfur region. However, changes in the pattern of the new environment with the influx of ethnic immigrants became small initial conflict is continuous and dynamic.

Conflicts between ethnic Arab and ethnic African Darfur Darfur often questioned the access to natural resources for subsistence use of each such water access and land ownership. Employment systems and culture differences between the two ethnic groups can be used as a reason for the appearance of a conflict of interest of the natural resources. Darfur Arab nomad ethnic culture often are applied when claiming water access community resources Darfur Africa. However, inter-ethnic conflict Darfur always be resolved through peaceful means such as a traditional meeting that forms joint regulation between the two sides, [1] and both will return to improve relations through an approach that accommodates the head of each tribe.

In the development of the conflict between the two ethnic upheaval with greater intensity. International attention also taken up by the various phenomena of violence in a conflict that began with the small-scale conflicts. The Darfur conflict began when the Sudanese government has a mandate to manage the Darfur region as one of the parts of government. Discrimination problems arise in the Sudan where the Sudanese government bureaucracy prioritize Darfur Arabs to take center stage in the politics of Sudan and discredit native people, Africa Darfur. This triggers the African peoples of Darfur disappointment because they are deprived of their rights by the Sudanese government and Darfur Arab tribes. Especially when the construction of the Darfur region are ignored by the government.

Disappointment Darfur African communities implemented in the form of separatist movements as increasingly threatened by the Sudanese government's unilateral policy. Darfur separatist groups fighting to voice the interests and rights of indigenous peoples, marginalized Darfur by the Sudanese government. Conflicts occur between separatists and the government in the specification wars and genocide.

Starting from a small inter-ethnic conflict, the Darfur conflict experienced expansive movement since the foreign intervention in the Darfur region. Beginning in 1916 when Darfur was under the control of the British government that includes all three Darfur sultanate administration entered into kondonimum British-Egyptian rule. Darfur under British control led to inequality in various fields such as welfare and socio-economic development. This further heightened when Darfur is part of Sudan's government in 1965. The discrimination experienced by ethnic African Darfur by the Sudanese government's stance that puts the ethnic Arabs of Darfur in the governance of the country. The marginalization of ethnic African Darfur cause disappointment which incidentally is a native from the sultanate of Darfur stands.

Accumulated disappointments Darfur African ethnicity and discrimination against pemarjinalisasian pattern manifested through rebellion separatist movement.
Separatist movements calling himself Darfur Darfur Liberation Front (DLF) since its formation in 2003. They attacked military posts in West Darfur and destroy public infrastructure. Given two weeks later they changed their name to the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and again attacked, killing 195 West Darfur by Sudanese military. April 25, 2003 SLM rebel group attacked the Sudanese air base in Al-Fashir daaerah and destroyed a number of government helicopters, Antonov bombers, occupying military headquarters and arrested Maj Bughara Ibrahim, head of the Sudanese Air Force. Strength increases with the merger SLM new rebel group, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), which attacked the Sudanese government installations.

The separatist movement challenged the oppressive Sudanese government. To minimize the possibility of chaos due to the actions rebel group, the Sudanese government of arming the Darfur Arab militias known as Janjaweed to face the pressure of the separatist movement and security purposes Darfur region.

In his capacity as a military government with the aim of securing and maintaining space defense government areas of Darfur, the Janjaweed acting out of control. In fact it was revealed that the Janjaweed militia ethnic cleansing crimes recorded tragedy. Military murder against ethnic African Darfur, raping women and torturing small children and burning villages of ethnic Arabs of Darfur.

Various treatment Janjaweed militia arm of government that is intended to reduce the population of Darfur as an African ethnic separatists growth minimizing effort. Unpleasant treatment experienced by women who were raped by the Janjaweed militants, calling them the nickname 'Abied' which means slave. And even the government has also declared the Darfur region of Darfur just for the Arabs to conduct the expulsion of ethnic African civilians of Darfur.

In the records of the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the number of victims who died during the conflict (February 2003-September 2004) has reached 50,000. And that number increased to 71,000 people in October 2004 [2]. The UN also estimates that during the 18 months of the conflict, the death toll has reached 180,000 and more than 1.8 million people homeless [3]. Meanwhile, the level of conflict has resulted in many refugees and asylum seekers who migrate to neighboring countries such as Chad Sudan.

Post-World War II ended, there was significant reason for the changing patterns of social interaction and contact relations ethics in the distribution and relevance of its existence in the world. It is influenced by factors such as the expiration of the period of colonization, the spread of the world economy, increasing the growing concern for the refugees and human rights. The end of colonialism to give effect to the development of the lives of African entities. One of them relates to economic competition and power struggles between ethnic groups there.

The Darfur conflict is called by international entities can be categorized as a crime against humanity is a phenomenon that has been overshadowed by the clash of two different ethnicities as a legacy of colonization. The clash of birth due to an inability to accommodate differences that characterize each ethnic sufficient interest in his life. Differences in living systems and culture among the local population and migrants, ethnic African and Arab Darfur Darfur, as well as a trigger foreign intervention in a major escalation of conflict.

Broadly speaking, tracing the background of the problems and conflicts that are expansive, accommodating the Darfur conflict is the clash of social points that show the characteristics of inter-ethnic relations. Starting from problems related to the welfare and interests of the background distribution of system life and culture between the two ethnicities. Until the climax of the problems that create the symptoms in the form of humanitarian crime of genocide. Phenomena such as the form of assimilation, discrimination, third world colonialism, racism ethnics minorities to be highly relevant to the development of the case of the Darfur conflict.

·        By definition of assimilation is a process of fusion between different ethnic culture in which ethnic groups would lose certain cultural and ethnic identity and merged by other groups. The process of assimilation is more a feature of the immigration patterns. But the Darfur conflict showed a tendency characteristic failure of the process of assimilation in it. It refers to the phenomenon that the arrival of the environment to the ethnic Arabs of Darfur Darfur African entities conflicting interests related to access to natural resources is based on the differences in employment systems and culture. The majority of Africa Darfur livelihood as farmers who prioritize the security of access to water on their farms of the dry climate. While working as Darfur Arab camel and cattle herders who demand the availability of water for their cattle. The differences are demanding they do things that are not cooperative so it tends to maximize the cultural background of the characteristics of each of their lives without any desire to merge into a collective entity.

·        Third world colonialism argument is a reference to the definition of independent nations that colonized the native people and minorities in its territory as part of economic development, geographic expansion and the development of a nationalistic sentiment. Widespread high escalation of conflict in the Darfur genocide to the public welfare due to inequality, especially Africa Darfur Darfur after the territory became a part of the Sudanese government. Especially when the Arabs of Darfur dominated the government. The phenomenon of colonization is more nationalistic sentiment refers to the construction of national identity which shows the interest that generalize a particular interest group. By dominating ethnic Arabs of Darfur in the government sector automatically as a native of the African Darfur increasingly marginalized and disadvantaged people. Welfare development is not properly implemented.

·        The patterns of ethnic relations after World War II, according to the capacity to experience the complexity of problems faced by ethnic group. One is the phenomenon of claiming rights and equal treatment of minorities to the government. It also takes place in the Darfur conflict in which African ethnic diminoritaskan Darfur and marginalized by a system of government that does not favor their existence as native peoples. Ethnic minorities demanding their equal rights in the region to maintain their culture. In the process of achieving this, they are using force / coercion as a form of resistance against the accumulation of their dissatisfaction with the government.

·        Racism, in general understood as the belief that there is one race is superior and has the advantages of other races. Scope of racism is not limited to the identification of a variety of skin color. Ethnicity, religion and race, body shape, the shape of the facial bones, and hair types can be used as an excuse racist form of treatment. The Darfur conflict is also based on the spirit of racism. Indeed, there is no noticeable difference between the two ethnic African and Arab Darfur Darfur. They have the same style and color, black. However, the position of their ethnic differences as a reason for the majority (Arabic Darfur) to act arbitrarily (SARA). This was seen when the Arab Darfur dominated governance. In some crimes against humanity by the military actions of the Janjaweed, they treat ethnic African Darfur with very racial. Expel Darfur African community and declared that Darfur is only for Arabs. Classification of racism experienced by African ethnic Darfur is Institutional Racism where racism was driven by government policies and organizations and institutions in the country.